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{{Infobox Monarch|royal|consort| name =Marie de' Medici| title =Queen of France and Navarre| image =| caption =Portrait of Marie de' Medici by Peter Paul Rubens| consortreign =
17 December 1600 - 14 May
1610| royal house =House of [Medici| mother =[Johanna of Austria| date of birth =
April 26,
1573, [Italy, [1642, [Germany, [1573 – July 3,
1642), born as
Maria de' Medici, was queen consort of
France under the French name
Marie de Médicis. She was the second wife of King
Henry IV of France, of the House of Bourbon branch of the kings of France. Following his assassination in 1610, she was the
regent for her son King
Louis XIII of France.
Early life, marriage to King Henry IV
Born in
Florence, Italy, she was the daughter of
Francesco I de' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany and of Johanna of Austria. Her maternal grandparents were
Ferdinand I, Holy Roman Emperor and
Anna of Bohemia and Hungary. Anne was a daughter of
Vladislaus II of Bohemia and Hungary and his wife
Anne de Foix.
Uncommonly pretty in her youth, in October
1600 she married Henry IV of France, following the annulment of his marriage to Marguerite de Valois. She brought as part of her dowry 600,000 crowns. Her eldest son, the future King Louis XIII of France, was born at
Fontainebleau the following year.
Infighting, unhappy marriage
The marriage was not a successful one. The queen feuded with Henry's mistresses, in language that shocked French courtiers. Her largest infighting was with her husband's leading mistress,
Catherine Henriette de Balzac d'Entragues, whom he had promised he would marry following the death of his former
official mistress, Gabrielle d'Estrées. When he failed to do so, and instead married Marie, the result was constant bickering and political intrigues behind the scenes. Although the king could have easily banished his mistress, supporting his queen, he never did so. She, in turn, showed great sympathy and support to her husband's banished ex-wife, Marguerite de Valois, prompting Henri to allow her back into the realm.
During her husband's lifetime Marie showed little sign of political taste or ability. Hours after Henry's assassination in 1610 she was confirmed as Regent by the Parlement of Paris. She banished from the court his mistress, Catherine Henriette de Balzac d'Entragues. However, not very bright, extremely stubborn, and growing
obese, she was soon entirely under the influence of her maid Leonora "Galigai" and her unscrupulous Italian husband,
Concino Concini, who was created Marquis d'Ancre and
Marshal of France, despite never having fought a battle.
They dismissed Henry IV's able minister the
Maximilien de Bethune, duc de Sully. Through Concini and the Regent, Italian representatives of the
Roman Catholic Church hoped to force the suppression of
Protestantism in France. Half Habsburg herself, she abandoned the traditional anti-Habsburg French policy. Throwing her support with Spain, she arranged the marriage of both the future king Louis and his sister Elisabeth of Bourbon to members of the
List of Spanish monarchs.
The construction and furnishing of the
Palais du Luxembourg,which she referred to as her
Palais Médecis, formed her major artistic project. The site was purchased in 1612 and construction began in 1615, to designs of
Salomon de Brosse. Her court painter was Peter Paul Rubens.
Politics
Under the regent's lax and capricious rule, the princes of the blood and the great nobles of the kingdom revolted, and the queen, too weak to assert her authority, consented (15 May
1614) to buy off the discontented princes. The opposition was led by
Henry II de Bourbon, prince de Condé,
Duc d'Enghien, who pressured Marie into convoking the French States-General (1614-15), the last time they would meet in France until the opening events of the French Revolution.
In 1616 her policy was strengthened by the accession to her councils of
Armand Jean du Plessis, Cardinal Richelieu, who had come to the fore at the meeting of the Estates General. However, in 1617 her son
Louis XIII of France, already several years into his legal majority, asserted his authority. The king effectively overturned the pro-Hapsburg, pro-Spanish policy by ordering the assassination of Concini, exiling the Queen to the
Château de Blois and appointing Richelieu to his bishopric.
After two years of virtual imprisonment "in the wilderness" as she put it, she escaped from Blois in the night of 21/22 February 1619 and became the figurehead of a new aristocratic revolt headed by
Gaston, Duke of Orleans, which Louis' forces easily dispersed. Through the mediation of Richelieu the king was reconciled with his mother, who was allowed to hold a small court at Angers. She resumed her place in the royal council in 1621., 1622-1625.The portrait by Rubens (
above right) was painted at this time. Marie rebuilt the
Luxembourg Palace (
Palais du Luxembourg) in Paris, with an extravagantly flattering cycle of paintings by Rubens as part of the luxurious decor (
left).
After the death of his favorite, the duke of Luynes, Louis turned increasingly for guidance to Richelieu. Marie de Medici's attempts to displace Richelieu ultimately led to her attempted coup; for a single day, the
Day of the Dupes, 12 November
1630, she seemed to have succeeded; but the triumph of Richelieu was followed by her exile to Compiègne in
1630, from where she escaped to
Brussels in 1631 and Amsterdam in
1638.
Her entry into Amsterdam was considered a triumph by the Dutch, as her visit lent official recognition to the newly formed Dutch Republic. Spectacular displays (by Claes Cornelisz. Moeyaert) and water pageants took place in the city’s harbor in celebration of her visit. There was a procession led by two mounted
trumpet; a large temporary structure erected on an artificial island in the Amstel River was built especially for the festival. The structure was designed to display a series of dramatic
tableau vivant in tribute to her once she set foot on the floating island and entered its Pavilion (structure). Afterwards she was offered an Indonesian rice table by the burgomaster Albert Burgh. He also sold her a famous
rosary, captured in Brazil. The visit prompted
Caspar Barlaeus to write his
Medicea hospes ("The Medicean Guest") (1638).
Marie subsequently travelled to
Cologne, where she died in 1642, scheming against Richelieu to the end.
Honoré de Balzac encapsulated the Romantic generation's negative view:
"Marie de' Medici, all of whose actions were prejudicial to France, has escaped the shame which ought to cover her name. Marie de' Medici wasted the wealth amassed by Henry IV; she never purged herself of the charge of having known of the king's assassination; her
intimate was Jean Louis de Nogaret de La Valette, who did not ward off Ravaillac's blow, and who was proved to have known the murderer personally for a long time. Marie's conduct was such that she forced her son to banish her from France, where she was encouraging her other son, Gaston, to rebel; and the victory Richelieu at last won over her (on the Day of the Dupes) was due solely to the discovery the cardinal made, and imparted to Louis XIII, of secret documents relating to the death of Henry IV." – Essay
Catherine de Medicis.
Children
{| class="wikitable"|-!Name!!Birth!!Death!!Notes|-|
Louis XIII of France||September 27,
1601, [1643 ([1601 -
1666) in
1615. Had issue.]||
November 22,
1602, [1644 ([1605 -
1665) in 1615. Had issue.]||
February 12, 1606, [1663 ([1587 -
1637) in 1619. Had issue.],
1607, [1611||[April 25, 1608, [1660 - [1627) in
1626. Had issue.
Married (2) Margaret of Lorraine (
1615 - 1672) in
1632. Had issue.]||
November 25, 1609, [1669 ([1600 -
1649) in 1625. Had issue.] which maps how the
Medici became part of the European Royal families, eventually leading to
Prince_William_of_Wales, future King of Great Britain.
See also
External links
- Rubens cycle of paintings apotheosizing Marie de Medici Definitive statements of Baroque art.
- National Maritime Museum
- Drawing by Claes Cornelisz. Moeyaert the entrance of Maria de Medici in Amsterdam]
- Festival Books
{{Infobox Monarch|royal|consort| name =Marie de' Medici| title =Queen of France and Navarre| image =| caption =Portrait of Marie de' Medici by Peter Paul Rubens| consortreign =
17 December 1600 -
14 May 1610| royal house =House of [Medici| mother =[Johanna of Austria| date of birth =April 26,
1573, [Italy, [1642, [Germany, [1573 –
July 3,
1642), born as
Maria de' Medici, was queen consort of
France under the French name
Marie de Médicis. She was the second wife of King Henry IV of France, of the
House of Bourbon branch of the kings of France. Following his assassination in 1610, she was the regent for her son King
Louis XIII of France.
Early life, marriage to King Henry IV
Born in Florence,
Italy, she was the daughter of Francesco I de' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany and of
Johanna of Austria. Her maternal grandparents were
Ferdinand I, Holy Roman Emperor and Anna of Bohemia and Hungary. Anne was a daughter of
Vladislaus II of Bohemia and Hungary and his wife Anne de Foix.
Uncommonly pretty in her youth, in October
1600 she married
Henry IV of France, following the annulment of his marriage to
Marguerite de Valois. She brought as part of her dowry 600,000 crowns. Her eldest son, the future King Louis XIII of France, was born at
Fontainebleau the following year.
Infighting, unhappy marriage
The marriage was not a successful one. The queen feuded with Henry's mistresses, in language that shocked French courtiers. Her largest infighting was with her husband's leading mistress,
Catherine Henriette de Balzac d'Entragues, whom he had promised he would marry following the death of his former
official mistress,
Gabrielle d'Estrées. When he failed to do so, and instead married Marie, the result was constant bickering and political intrigues behind the scenes. Although the king could have easily banished his mistress, supporting his queen, he never did so. She, in turn, showed great sympathy and support to her husband's banished ex-wife, Marguerite de Valois, prompting Henri to allow her back into the realm.
During her husband's lifetime Marie showed little sign of political taste or ability. Hours after Henry's assassination in 1610 she was confirmed as Regent by the Parlement of Paris. She banished from the court his mistress, Catherine Henriette de Balzac d'Entragues. However, not very bright, extremely stubborn, and growing obese, she was soon entirely under the influence of her maid Leonora "Galigai" and her unscrupulous Italian husband, Concino Concini, who was created Marquis d'Ancre and Marshal of France, despite never having fought a battle.
They dismissed Henry IV's able minister the
Maximilien de Bethune, duc de Sully. Through Concini and the Regent, Italian representatives of the Roman Catholic Church hoped to force the suppression of
Protestantism in France. Half Habsburg herself, she abandoned the traditional anti-Habsburg French policy. Throwing her support with Spain, she arranged the marriage of both the future king Louis and his sister Elisabeth of Bourbon to members of the
List of Spanish monarchs.
The construction and furnishing of the
Palais du Luxembourg,which she referred to as her
Palais Médecis, formed her major artistic project. The site was purchased in 1612 and construction began in 1615, to designs of
Salomon de Brosse. Her court painter was
Peter Paul Rubens.
Politics
Under the regent's lax and capricious rule, the princes of the blood and the great nobles of the kingdom revolted, and the queen, too weak to assert her authority, consented (15 May 1614) to buy off the discontented princes. The opposition was led by
Henry II de Bourbon, prince de Condé,
Duc d'Enghien, who pressured Marie into convoking the
French States-General (1614-15), the last time they would meet in France until the opening events of the
French Revolution.
In 1616 her policy was strengthened by the accession to her councils of Armand Jean du Plessis, Cardinal Richelieu, who had come to the fore at the meeting of the Estates General. However, in
1617 her son Louis XIII of France, already several years into his legal majority, asserted his authority. The king effectively overturned the pro-Hapsburg, pro-Spanish policy by ordering the assassination of Concini, exiling the Queen to the
Château de Blois and appointing Richelieu to his bishopric.
After two years of virtual imprisonment "in the wilderness" as she put it, she escaped from Blois in the night of 21/22 February 1619 and became the figurehead of a new aristocratic revolt headed by Gaston, Duke of Orleans, which Louis' forces easily dispersed. Through the mediation of Richelieu the king was reconciled with his mother, who was allowed to hold a small court at Angers. She resumed her place in the royal council in 1621., 1622-1625.The portrait by Rubens (
above right) was painted at this time. Marie rebuilt the
Luxembourg Palace (
Palais du Luxembourg) in Paris, with an extravagantly flattering cycle of paintings by Rubens as part of the luxurious decor (
left).
After the death of his favorite, the duke of Luynes, Louis turned increasingly for guidance to Richelieu. Marie de Medici's attempts to displace Richelieu ultimately led to her attempted coup; for a single day, the
Day of the Dupes,
12 November 1630, she seemed to have succeeded; but the triumph of Richelieu was followed by her exile to Compiègne in 1630, from where she escaped to
Brussels in
1631 and Amsterdam in
1638.
Her entry into Amsterdam was considered a triumph by the Dutch, as her visit lent official recognition to the newly formed Dutch Republic. Spectacular displays (by Claes Cornelisz. Moeyaert) and water pageants took place in the city’s harbor in celebration of her visit. There was a procession led by two mounted trumpet; a large temporary structure erected on an artificial island in the Amstel River was built especially for the festival. The structure was designed to display a series of dramatic tableau vivant in tribute to her once she set foot on the floating island and entered its Pavilion (structure). Afterwards she was offered an
Indonesian rice table by the burgomaster
Albert Burgh. He also sold her a famous rosary, captured in Brazil. The visit prompted Caspar Barlaeus to write his
Medicea hospes ("The Medicean Guest") (
1638).
Marie subsequently travelled to
Cologne, where she died in
1642, scheming against Richelieu to the end.
Honoré de Balzac encapsulated the Romantic generation's negative view:
"Marie de' Medici, all of whose actions were prejudicial to France, has escaped the shame which ought to cover her name. Marie de' Medici wasted the wealth amassed by Henry IV; she never purged herself of the charge of having known of the king's assassination; her
intimate was Jean Louis de Nogaret de La Valette, who did not ward off Ravaillac's blow, and who was proved to have known the murderer personally for a long time. Marie's conduct was such that she forced her son to banish her from France, where she was encouraging her other son, Gaston, to rebel; and the victory Richelieu at last won over her (on the Day of the Dupes) was due solely to the discovery the cardinal made, and imparted to Louis XIII, of secret documents relating to the death of Henry IV." – Essay
Catherine de Medicis.
Children
{| class="wikitable"|-!Name!!Birth!!Death!!Notes|-|
Louis XIII of France||
September 27, 1601, [1643 ([1601 - 1666) in
1615. Had issue.]||
November 22,
1602, [1644 ([1605 -
1665) in 1615. Had issue.]||February 12, 1606, [1663 ([1587 -
1637) in 1619. Had issue.], 1607, [1611||[April 25, 1608, [1660 - [1627) in
1626. Had issue.
Married (2) Margaret of Lorraine (1615 - 1672) in 1632. Had issue.]||
November 25, 1609, [1669 ([1600 - 1649) in 1625. Had issue.] which maps how the
Medici became part of the European Royal families, eventually leading to Prince_William_of_Wales, future King of Great Britain.
See also
External links
- Rubens cycle of paintings apotheosizing Marie de Medici Definitive statements of Baroque art.
- National Maritime Museum
- Drawing by Claes Cornelisz. Moeyaert the entrance of Maria de Medici in Amsterdam]
- Festival Books
Marie de Medici::
Marie de Medici was born in 1573 and died in 1642. Mary was married to Henry IV and was the mother of Louis XIII. It was during Marie’s regency, that the magnates and the ...
Marie de' Medici - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Marie de' Medici [1] (April 26, 1575 – July 3, 1642), was queen consort of France. She was the second wife of King Henry IV of France, of the Bourbon branch of the kings of ...
Marie de' Medici cycle - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
The Marie de' Medici Cycle is a series of twenty-four paintings by Peter Paul Rubens commissioned by Marie de' Medici, wife of Henry IV of France, for the Luxembourg Palace in ...
Marie de' Medici definition of Marie de' Medici in the Free Online ...
Marie de' Medici (mĕd`ĭchē), 1573–1642, queen of France, second wife of King Henry IV and daughter of Francesco de' Medici, grand duke of Tuscany.
Marie De'Medici definition of Marie De'Medici in the Free Online ...
Marie de' Medici (mĕd`ĭchē), 1573–1642, queen of France, second wife of King Henry IV and daughter of Francesco de' Medici, grand duke of Tuscany.
Marie de Medici Prints by AllPosters.co.uk
Marie de Medici Prints by AllPosters.co.uk. Choose from over 500,000 Posters, Prints & Art. Fast UK Delivery, Value Framing, 100% Satisfaction Guarantee.
CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Maria De' Medici
Queen of France; b. at Florence, 26 April, 1573; d. at Cologne, 3 July, 1642 ... Maria de' Medici. Queen of France; b. at Florence, 26 April, 1573; d. at Cologne, 3 July, 1642.
BBC - h2g2 - Marie de Medici
h2g2 is the unconventional guide to life, the universe and everything, a guide that's written by visitors to the website, creating an organic and evolving encyclopedia of life
Festive Procession of Ships Before Amsterdam to Celebrate the Visit of ...
Festive Procession of Ships Before Amsterdam to Celebrate the Visit of Marie de Medici Artist: Salomon Saverij (1594—1678) after Simon de Vlieger (c. 1600?—53)
Marie de' Medici
Queen of France, wife of Henry IV from 1600, and regent (after his murder) for their son Louis XIII
